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  <ul>
    <li><a href="#gorm介绍">gorm介绍</a></li>
    <li><a href="#安装">安装</a></li>
    <li><a href="#连接数据库">连接数据库</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#连接mysql">连接MySQL</a></li>
        <li><a href="#连接postgresql">连接PostgreSQL</a></li>
        <li><a href="#连接sqlite3">连接Sqlite3</a></li>
        <li><a href="#连接sql-server">连接SQL Server</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#gorm基本示例">GORM基本示例</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#docker快速创建mysql实例">Docker快速创建MySQL实例</a></li>
        <li><a href="#创建数据库">创建数据库</a></li>
        <li><a href="#gorm操作mysql">GORM操作MySQL</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#gorm-model定义">GORM Model定义</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#gormmodel">gorm.Model</a></li>
        <li><a href="#模型定义示例">模型定义示例</a></li>
        <li><a href="#结构体标记tags">结构体标记(tags)</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#主键表名列名的约定">主键、表名、列名的约定</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#主键primary-key">主键(Primary Key)</a></li>
        <li><a href="#表名table-name">表名(Table Name)</a></li>
        <li><a href="#列名column-name">列名(Column Name)</a></li>
        <li><a href="#时间戳跟踪">时间戳跟踪</a></li>
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    <article class="post">
        <header>
            <h1 class="post-title">gorm的定义</h1>
        </header>
        <date class="post-meta meta-date">
            2021年9月6日
        </date>
        
        <div class="post-meta">
            <span>|</span>
            
            <span class="meta-category"><a href='/categories/go'>go</a></span>
            
            <span class="meta-category"><a href='/categories/gorm'>gorm</a></span>
            
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        <div class="post-meta">
            <span id="busuanzi_container_page_pv">|<span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span><span>
                    阅读</span></span>
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        <div class="post-content">
            <h1 id="orm">orm</h1>
<p>orm 全称 object relation mapping 对象映射关系，目的是解决面向对象和关系数据库之间存在的互不匹配的现象。
sql注入曾经是一种常见的网络攻击方式，针对程序编写疏忽而产生的问题比如：通过sql语句实现无账号登录、删除甚至篡改数据库。这是由于以前sql语句是拼接后执行的，因此在动态参数完成拼接时若有带有sql操作的关键字的动态参数参与拼接，则整体结果会向恶意注入者期望的方向执行。
orm就很好的解决了这些问题，在其底层逻辑中会带有转义操作，不担心注入问题，而且对于我们的<code>struct</code>结构体而言，也提供了对应关系操作，对于编程者来说是极大地便利：将注意力从数据库的细节转移到业务逻辑上。orm作为中间层，可以简化数据库的迁移操作。
orm的缺点：不能够生成所有的sql业务语句，有些复杂的还是需要sql原生语句操作；性能低于直接使用sql语句的。</p>
<p><a href="https://gorm.io/zh_CN/docs/">中文教程</a></p>
<h1 id="gorm入门指南">GORM入门指南</h1>
<p><a href="https://www.liwenzhou.com/categories/Golang">Golang</a></p>
<p>gorm是一个使用Go语言编写的ORM框架。它文档齐全，对开发者友好，支持主流数据库。</p>
<h2 id="gorm介绍">gorm介绍</h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm">Github GORM</a></p>
<p><a href="https://gorm.io/zh_CN/">中文官方网站</a>内含十分齐全的中文文档，有了它你甚至不需要再继续向下阅读本文。</p>
<h2 id="安装">安装</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">go get -u github.com/jinzhu/gorm
</code></pre></div><h2 id="连接数据库">连接数据库</h2>
<p>连接不同的数据库都需要导入对应数据的驱动程序，<code>GORM</code>已经贴心的为我们包装了一些驱动程序，只需要按如下方式导入需要的数据库驱动即可：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#f92672">import</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mysql&#34;</span>
<span style="color:#75715e">// import _ &#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/postgres&#34;
</span><span style="color:#75715e">// import _ &#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/sqlite&#34;
</span><span style="color:#75715e">// import _ &#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mssql&#34;
</span></code></pre></div><h3 id="连接mysql">连接MySQL</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#f92672">import</span> (
  <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&#34;</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mysql&#34;</span>
)

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gorm</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Open</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;mysql&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;user:password@(localhost)/dbname?charset=utf8mb4&amp;parseTime=True&amp;loc=Local&#34;</span>)
  <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Close</span>()
}
</code></pre></div><h3 id="连接postgresql">连接PostgreSQL</h3>
<p>基本代码同上，注意引入对应<code>postgres</code>驱动并正确指定<code>gorm.Open()</code>参数。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#f92672">import</span> (
  <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&#34;</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/postgres&#34;</span>
)

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gorm</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Open</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;postgres&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;host=myhost port=myport user=gorm dbname=gorm password=mypassword&#34;</span>)
  <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Close</span>()
}
</code></pre></div><h3 id="连接sqlite3">连接Sqlite3</h3>
<p>基本代码同上，注意引入对应<code>sqlite</code>驱动并正确指定<code>gorm.Open()</code>参数。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#f92672">import</span> (
  <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&#34;</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/sqlite&#34;</span>
)

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gorm</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Open</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;sqlite3&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;/tmp/gorm.db&#34;</span>)
  <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Close</span>()
}
</code></pre></div><h3 id="连接sql-server">连接SQL Server</h3>
<p>基本代码同上，注意引入对应<code>mssql</code>驱动并正确指定<code>gorm.Open()</code>参数。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#f92672">import</span> (
  <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&#34;</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mssql&#34;</span>
)

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gorm</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Open</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;mssql&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;sqlserver://username:password@localhost:1433?database=dbname&#34;</span>)
  <span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Close</span>()
}
</code></pre></div><h2 id="gorm基本示例">GORM基本示例</h2>
<p><strong>注意:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>本文以MySQL数据库为例，讲解GORM各项功能的主要使用方法。</li>
<li>往下阅读本文前，你需要有一个能够成功连接上的MySQL数据库实例。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="docker快速创建mysql实例">Docker快速创建MySQL实例</h3>
<p>很多同学如果不会安装MySQL或者懒得安装MySQL，可以使用一下命令快速运行一个MySQL8.0.19实例，当然前提是你要有docker环境…</p>
<p>在本地的<code>13306</code>端口运行一个名为<code>mysql8019</code>，root用户名密码为<code>root1234</code>的MySQL容器环境:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">docker run --name mysql8019 -p 13306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD<span style="color:#f92672">=</span>root1234 -d mysql:8.0.19
</code></pre></div><p>在另外启动一个<code>MySQL Client</code>连接上面的MySQL环境，密码为上一步指定的密码<code>root1234</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">docker run -it --network host --rm mysql mysql -h127.0.0.1 -P13306 --default-character-set<span style="color:#f92672">=</span>utf8mb4 -uroot -p
</code></pre></div><h3 id="创建数据库">创建数据库</h3>
<p>在使用GORM前手动创建数据库<code>db1</code>：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-mysql" data-lang="mysql"><span style="color:#66d9ef">CREATE</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">DATABASE</span> db1;
</code></pre></div><h3 id="gorm操作mysql">GORM操作MySQL</h3>
<p>使用GORM连接上面的<code>db1</code>进行创建、查询、更新、删除操作。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#f92672">package</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>
<span style="color:#f92672">import</span> (
	<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;fmt&#34;</span>
	<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&#34;</span>
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mysql&#34;</span>
)
<span style="color:#75715e">// UserInfo 用户信息
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">UserInfo</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">ID</span>     <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint</span>
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">Name</span>   <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">Gender</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">Hobby</span>  <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>
}
<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">main</span>() {
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">gorm</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Open</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;mysql&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;root:xjg123456@(127.0.0.1:3306)/db1?charset=utf8mb4&amp;parseTime=True&amp;loc=Local&#34;</span>)
	<span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
		panic(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
	}
	<span style="color:#66d9ef">defer</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Close</span>()

	<span style="color:#75715e">// 创建表 自动迁移 (把结构体和数据进行对应)
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">AutoMigrate</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">UserInfo</span>{})
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">u1</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">UserInfo</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;小肆&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;男&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;篮球&#34;</span>}
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">u2</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">UserInfo</span>{<span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;昝茜&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;女&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;居家&#34;</span>}
	<span style="color:#75715e">// 创建记录
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Create</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">u1</span>)
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Create</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">u2</span>)
	<span style="color:#75715e">// 查询
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">u</span> = new(<span style="color:#a6e22e">UserInfo</span>)
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">First</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">u</span>)<span style="color:#75715e">//查询第一条数据
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;%#v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">u</span>)
	<span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">uu</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">UserInfo</span>
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Find</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">uu</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;hobby=?&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;足球&#34;</span>)
	<span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Printf</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;%#v\n&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">uu</span>)
	<span style="color:#75715e">// 更新
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Model</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">u</span>).<span style="color:#a6e22e">Update</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;hobby&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;双色球&#34;</span>)
	<span style="color:#75715e">// 删除
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Delete</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">u</span>)
}
</code></pre></div><h2 id="gorm-model定义">GORM Model定义</h2>
<p>在使用ORM工具时，通常我们需要在代码中定义模型(Models)与数据库中的数据表进行映射，在GORM中模型(Models)通常是正常定义的结构体、基本的go类型或它们的指针。 同时也支持<code>sql.Scanner</code>及<code>driver.Valuer</code>接口(interfaces)。</p>
<h3 id="gormmodel">gorm.Model</h3>
<p>为了方便模型定义，GORM内置了一个<code>gorm.Model</code>结构体。<code>gorm.Model</code>是一个包含了<code>ID</code>, <code>CreatedAt</code>, <code>UpdatedAt</code>, <code>DeletedAt</code>四个字段的Golang结构体。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#75715e">// gorm.Model 定义
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Model</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">ID</span>        <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">`gorm:&#34;primary_key&#34;`</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">CreatedAt</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">time</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Time</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">UpdatedAt</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">time</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Time</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">DeletedAt</span> <span style="color:#f92672">*</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">time</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Time</span>
}
</code></pre></div><p>你可以将它嵌入到你自己的模型中：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#75715e">// 将 `ID`, `CreatedAt`, `UpdatedAt`, `DeletedAt`字段注入到`User`模型中
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">User</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">gorm</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Model</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Name</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>
}
</code></pre></div><p>当然你也可以完全自己定义模型：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#75715e">// 不使用gorm.Model，自行定义模型
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">User</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">ID</span>   <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Name</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>
}
</code></pre></div><h3 id="模型定义示例">模型定义示例</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">User</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">gorm</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Model</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Name</span>         <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Age</span>          <span style="color:#a6e22e">sql</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">NullInt64</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Birthday</span>     <span style="color:#f92672">*</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">time</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Time</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Email</span>        <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>  <span style="color:#e6db74">`gorm:&#34;type:varchar(100);unique_index&#34;`</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Role</span>         <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>  <span style="color:#e6db74">`gorm:&#34;size:255&#34;`</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 设置字段大小为255
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>  <span style="color:#a6e22e">MemberNumber</span> <span style="color:#f92672">*</span><span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">`gorm:&#34;unique;not null&#34;`</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 设置会员号(member number)唯一并且不为空
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Num</span>          <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>     <span style="color:#e6db74">`gorm:&#34;AUTO_INCREMENT&#34;`</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 设置 num 为自增类型
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Address</span>      <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>  <span style="color:#e6db74">`gorm:&#34;index:addr&#34;`</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 给address字段创建名为addr的索引
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>  <span style="color:#a6e22e">IgnoreMe</span>     <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>     <span style="color:#e6db74">`gorm:&#34;-&#34;`</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 忽略本字段
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</code></pre></div><h3 id="结构体标记tags">结构体标记(tags)</h3>
<p>使用结构体声明模型时，标记(tags)是可选项。gorm支持以下标记:</p>
<h4 id="支持的结构体标记struct-tags">支持的结构体标记(Struct tags)</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>结构体标记(Tag)</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Column</td>
<td>指定列名</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>指定列数据类型</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size</td>
<td>指定列大小, 默认值255</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PRIMARY_KEY</td>
<td>将列指定为主键</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UNIQUE</td>
<td>将列指定为唯一</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DEFAULT</td>
<td>指定列默认值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PRECISION</td>
<td>指定列精度</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NOT NULL</td>
<td>将列指定为非 NULL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AUTO_INCREMENT</td>
<td>指定列是否为自增类型</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>INDEX</td>
<td>创建具有或不带名称的索引, 如果多个索引同名则创建复合索引</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UNIQUE_INDEX</td>
<td>和 <code>INDEX</code> 类似，只不过创建的是唯一索引</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EMBEDDED</td>
<td>将结构设置为嵌入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EMBEDDED_PREFIX</td>
<td>设置嵌入结构的前缀</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td>忽略此字段</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="关联相关标记tags">关联相关标记(tags)</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>结构体标记(Tag)</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>MANY2MANY</td>
<td>指定连接表</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FOREIGNKEY</td>
<td>设置外键</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ASSOCIATION_FOREIGNKEY</td>
<td>设置关联外键</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POLYMORPHIC</td>
<td>指定多态类型</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POLYMORPHIC_VALUE</td>
<td>指定多态值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>JOINTABLE_FOREIGNKEY</td>
<td>指定连接表的外键</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ASSOCIATION_JOINTABLE_FOREIGNKEY</td>
<td>指定连接表的关联外键</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SAVE_ASSOCIATIONS</td>
<td>是否自动完成 save 的相关操作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ASSOCIATION_AUTOUPDATE</td>
<td>是否自动完成 update 的相关操作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ASSOCIATION_AUTOCREATE</td>
<td>是否自动完成 create 的相关操作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ASSOCIATION_SAVE_REFERENCE</td>
<td>是否自动完成引用的 save 的相关操作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PRELOAD</td>
<td>是否自动完成预加载的相关操作</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="主键表名列名的约定">主键、表名、列名的约定</h2>
<h3 id="主键primary-key">主键(Primary Key)</h3>
<p>GORM 默认会使用名为ID的字段作为表的主键。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">User</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">ID</span>   <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// 名为`ID`的字段会默认作为表的主键
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Name</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>
}

<span style="color:#75715e">// 使用`AnimalID`作为主键
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Animal</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">AnimalID</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int64</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">`gorm:&#34;primary_key&#34;`</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Name</span>     <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Age</span>      <span style="color:#66d9ef">int64</span>
}
</code></pre></div><h3 id="表名table-name">表名(Table Name)</h3>
<p>表名默认就是结构体名称的复数，例如：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">User</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {} <span style="color:#75715e">// 默认表名是 `users`
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>
<span style="color:#75715e">// 将 User 的表名设置为 `profiles`
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> (<span style="color:#a6e22e">User</span>) <span style="color:#a6e22e">TableName</span>() <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span> {
  <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;profiles&#34;</span>
}

<span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> (<span style="color:#a6e22e">u</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">User</span>) <span style="color:#a6e22e">TableName</span>() <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span> {
  <span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">u</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Role</span> <span style="color:#f92672">==</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;admin&#34;</span> {
    <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;admin_users&#34;</span>
  } <span style="color:#66d9ef">else</span> {
    <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;users&#34;</span>
  }
}

<span style="color:#75715e">// 禁用默认表名的复数形式，如果置为 true，则 `User` 的默认表名是 `user`
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">SingularTable</span>(<span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>)
</code></pre></div><p>也可以通过<code>Table()</code>指定表名：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#75715e">// 使用User结构体创建名为`deleted_users`的表
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Table</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;deleted_users&#34;</span>).<span style="color:#a6e22e">CreateTable</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">User</span>{})

<span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">deleted_users</span> []<span style="color:#a6e22e">User</span>
<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Table</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;deleted_users&#34;</span>).<span style="color:#a6e22e">Find</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">deleted_users</span>)
<span style="color:#75715e">//// SELECT * FROM deleted_users;
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>
<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Table</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;deleted_users&#34;</span>).<span style="color:#a6e22e">Where</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;name = ?&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;jinzhu&#34;</span>).<span style="color:#a6e22e">Delete</span>()
<span style="color:#75715e">//// DELETE FROM deleted_users WHERE name = &#39;jinzhu&#39;;
</span></code></pre></div><p>GORM还支持更改默认表名称规则：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#a6e22e">gorm</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">DefaultTableNameHandler</span> = <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span> (<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span> <span style="color:#f92672">*</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">gorm</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">DB</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">defaultTableName</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>) <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>  {
  <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;prefix_&#34;</span> <span style="color:#f92672">+</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">defaultTableName</span>;
}
</code></pre></div><h3 id="列名column-name">列名(Column Name)</h3>
<p>列名由字段名称进行下划线分割来生成</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">User</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">ID</span>        <span style="color:#66d9ef">uint</span>      <span style="color:#75715e">// column name is `id`
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Name</span>      <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>    <span style="color:#75715e">// column name is `name`
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Birthday</span>  <span style="color:#a6e22e">time</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Time</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// column name is `birthday`
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>  <span style="color:#a6e22e">CreatedAt</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">time</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Time</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// column name is `created_at`
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</code></pre></div><p>可以使用结构体tag指定列名：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#66d9ef">type</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">Animal</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">struct</span> {
  <span style="color:#a6e22e">AnimalId</span>    <span style="color:#66d9ef">int64</span>     <span style="color:#e6db74">`gorm:&#34;column:beast_id&#34;`</span>         <span style="color:#75715e">// set column name to `beast_id`
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Birthday</span>    <span style="color:#a6e22e">time</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Time</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">`gorm:&#34;column:day_of_the_beast&#34;`</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// set column name to `day_of_the_beast`
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>  <span style="color:#a6e22e">Age</span>         <span style="color:#66d9ef">int64</span>     <span style="color:#e6db74">`gorm:&#34;column:age_of_the_beast&#34;`</span> <span style="color:#75715e">// set column name to `age_of_the_beast`
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</code></pre></div><h3 id="时间戳跟踪">时间戳跟踪</h3>
<h4 id="createdat">CreatedAt</h4>
<p>如果模型有 <code>CreatedAt</code>字段，该字段的值将会是初次创建记录的时间。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Create</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">user</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// `CreatedAt`将会是当前时间
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>
<span style="color:#75715e">// 可以使用`Update`方法来改变`CreateAt`的值
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span><span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Model</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">user</span>).<span style="color:#a6e22e">Update</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;CreatedAt&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">time</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Now</span>())
</code></pre></div><h4 id="updatedat">UpdatedAt</h4>
<p>如果模型有<code>UpdatedAt</code>字段，该字段的值将会是每次更新记录的时间。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Save</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">user</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// `UpdatedAt`将会是当前时间
</span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>
<span style="color:#a6e22e">db</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Model</span>(<span style="color:#f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color:#a6e22e">user</span>).<span style="color:#a6e22e">Update</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;name&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;jinzhu&#34;</span>) <span style="color:#75715e">// `UpdatedAt`将会是当前时间
</span></code></pre></div><h4 id="deletedat">DeletedAt</h4>
<p>如果模型有<code>DeletedAt</code>字段，调用<code>Delete</code>删除该记录时，将会设置<code>DeletedAt</code>字段为当前时间，而不是直接将记录从数据库中删除。</p>
<pre><code>package main

import (
	&quot;database/sql&quot;
	_ &quot;fmt&quot;
	&quot;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&quot;
	_ &quot;github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mysql&quot;
	&quot;time&quot;
)

type User struct {
	gorm.Model   //内嵌的gorm.Model
	Name         string
	Age          sql.NullInt64 //零值类型 `gorm:&quot;column:user_age&quot;`
	Birthday     *time.Time
	Email        string  `gorm:&quot;type:varchar(100);unique_index&quot;`
	Role         string  `gorm:&quot;size:255&quot;`        // 设置字段大小为255
	MemberNumber *string `gorm:&quot;unique;not null&quot;` // 设置会员号(member number)唯一并且不为空
	Num          int     `gorm:&quot;AUTO_INCREMENT&quot;`  // 设置 num 为自增类型
	Address      string  `gorm:&quot;index:addr&quot;`      // 给address字段创建名为addr的索引
	IgnoreMe     int     `gorm:&quot;-&quot;`               // 忽略本字段
}

// 将 User 的表名设置为 `profiles`
//唯一指定，所以不影响
func (User) TableName() string {
	return &quot;profiles&quot;
}

// 使用`AnimalID`作为主键
type Animal struct {
	AnimalID int64 `gorm:&quot;primary_key&quot;`
	Name     string
	Age      int64
}

func main() {
	gorm.DefaultTableNameHandler = func (db *gorm.DB, defaultTableName string) string  {
		return &quot;prefix_&quot; + defaultTableName;
	}
	//1.连接数据库
	db, err := gorm.Open(&quot;mysql&quot;, &quot;root:123456@(127.0.0.1:3306)/db1?charset=utf8mb4&amp;parseTime=True&amp;loc=Local&quot;)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	defer db.Close()
	db.SingularTable(true)

	// 创建表 自动迁移 (把结构体和数据进行对应)
	db.AutoMigrate(&amp;User{})
	db.AutoMigrate(&amp;Animal{})
	// 使用User结构体创建名为`deleted_users`的表
	db.Table(&quot;deleted_users&quot;).CreateTable(&amp;User{})
	// 禁用默认表名的复数形式，如果置为 true，则 `User` 的默认表名是 `user`
	db.SingularTable(true)
}

</code></pre>
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        <li><a href="/post/go_gorm/GORM-CRUD%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97/">gorm的crud指南</a></li>
        
        <li><a href="/post/go_gorm/CRUD%E7%9A%84%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%A2%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C/">gorm的查询</a></li>
        
        <li><a href="/post/go_gorm/%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93/">gorm连接数据库</a></li>
        
        <li><a href="/post/go/go%E7%A0%B4%E8%A7%A3/">Go破解</a></li>
        
        <li><a href="/post/go/go%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E4%B8%8E%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE/">Go安装与环境配置</a></li>
        
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